- Hermina Kemayoran<\/a><\/li>
- 26 August 2022<\/li><\/ul><\/div>
Incidence, mortality and risk factors of cervical cancer<\/a><\/h3>
Cervical cancer is a malignancy of the cervix, which located between the lower part of the uterus and vagina. In Indonesia, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women following breast cancer, up to 36,000 new cases in 2020. \n\n High risk type of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, which can also cause cancer of vulva, vagina, larynx, and oropharynx; while the low risk type can cause disease such as non-malignant genital warts. HPV exposure could prevented by the immune system to case a disease, but in some cases, it stays inside the body and could develop into cancer cells. Cervical cancer could be prevented and detected earlier by regular pap smears, HPV-DNA, Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) examinations, and also vaccination to protect from HPV infection. Risk factors are young-age sexual intercourse, promiscuity, prior sexual transmitted disease, smoking, and immunocompromised condition. Symptoms occur are bleeding, vaginal bleeding out of menstrual cycle, post-menopausal bleeding, post-coitus bleeding, smelly vaginal discharge, and pelvic pain which usually occurs in an advanced stage. \n\n \n\n This disease can be treat with options based on disease’ stage from removal of uterus and lymph nodes, to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. During early stage, the 5-year survival rate reaches 90%. If proliferation into surrounding organs or lymph nodes occur, the 5-year survival rate decreased into 50%. Even after completing the cancer treatment, regular check-up is still recommended to determine the possibility of recurrence. Around one-third of women that have completed treatment, experience relapse with 1-22% of stage I-II and 28-64% of stage II-IV. \n\n It's important for women to carry out early detection and prevention of cervical cancer, aside from early recognized, it also prevent from developing into higher stages of disease, increasing the cure rate expected. Physicians will confirm the presence of HPV genetic materials (DNA) in the cervix of woman suspected having a cervical cancer by pap smear examination as one of the methods. It is not needed to wait for occurring symptoms to check with a gynaecologist. Scheduling a regular check-up to gynaecologist since teenage are well recommended. \n<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/a><\/div>- Hermina Kemayoran<\/a><\/li>
- 24 August 2022<\/li><\/ul><\/div>
Successful Separation Surgery of Conjoined Twins<\/a><\/h3>
Conjoined twins are twins who were born with attached body-parts to each other. It occurs due to incomplete separation during identical twins were formed. There’s another theory states that it was caused by fusion of two fertilized eggs that were initially separated. It is a rare condition with an incidence of one in 200,000 live births. \n\n \n\n Conjoined twins’ type are differentiated based on attached body-parts: \n\n \n\n \n Thoracopagus (chest attachment) \n Omphalopagus (attached to the stomach) \n Pyopagus (attachment to the back and buttocks) \n Craniopagus (to the head) \n Ischiopagus (attached to the pelvis) \n Parapagus (attached to the side) \n Cephalopagus (attached to the face) \n Rachipagus (attached to the spine) \n \n\n \n\n Attached organs are vary from skin to organ system such as the brain, heart, liver, digestive tract, urinary tract, and pelvic bones. \n\n \n\n Separation of conjoined twins requires a multidisciplinary team involving pediatricians, neurosurgeons, pediatric surgeon, thoracic surgeon, orthopaedic surgeon, plastic surgeon, anaesthesia, medical rehabilitation, nutritionists, social workers and many others. Not all conjoined twins cases could be separated a holistic evaluation is needed to determine which part of the bodies are connected. Surgery is considered based on both babies’ condition of organ completeness, stability of health condition, difficulty level of surgery, possible complication and many more. For example, a condition that caused cancelation of surgery if both babies only have one heart. \n\n \n\n When the separation of conjoined twins was done, both babies should undergo follow-up care and rehabilitation to ensure appropriate growth and development, assisted by a medical rehabilitation team and social workers. \n<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>"); $('#div_next_link').html(" <\/span>");
- 24 August 2022<\/li><\/ul><\/div>
- 26 August 2022<\/li><\/ul><\/div>